I build and test a dynamic model of learning and moral hazard in drug innovation. Firms receive noisy trial outcomes, update beliefs about quality, and decide whether to continue or terminate development. Financing structure shapes continuation incentives: large pharmaceutical firms self-finance and internalize costs and rewards, while venture-backed biotechs face milestone-based contracts that attenuate downside risk and distort attrition. The model predicts biotechs are more likely to continue after unfavorable signals because continuation signals competence to investors. Using a panel of 12,000+ clinical projects from~3,000 firms (1990 — 2020), I find that, conditional on negative signals, biotech projects are 12% less likely to be discontinued than those of large pharmaceutical companies. Contractual agency problems thus distort dynamic learning and selection, with implications for innovation efficiency and policy design.
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